7+ Kaplan: Who Do You See First? A Guide


7+ Kaplan: Who Do You See First? A Guide

This query, continuously posed inside a selected instructional context, serves as a immediate to elicit a scholar’s instant recall of realized info. It capabilities as a speedy evaluation instrument to gauge the efficacy of research strategies and the power of reminiscence connections. For instance, when introduced with a scientific vignette or a set of signs, the question challenges the scholar to determine the most probably prognosis or situation primarily based on their present information. This mimics real-world diagnostic situations and encourages a prioritized, analytical strategy to problem-solving.

The pedagogical worth of this system lies in its capacity to strengthen studying and spotlight information gaps. By demanding a fast, intuitive response, it bypasses prolonged deliberation and divulges probably the most readily accessible info in a scholar’s thoughts. This instant suggestions permits learners to determine areas requiring additional research and reinforces the connections between key ideas and their sensible functions. Traditionally, rapid-fire questioning has been a core component of Socratic instructing strategies, selling energetic studying and important pondering. In up to date schooling, this strategy continues to show efficient in fast-paced, information-dense fields, notably in medical {and professional} coaching applications.

The next sections will additional elaborate on the sensible software of this system in varied instructional settings, exploring its function in formative evaluation, curriculum improvement, and the cultivation of expert-level diagnostic abilities. Moreover, the dialogue will handle the potential advantages and limitations of this strategy in fostering complete understanding and long-term retention.

1. Prioritization

Prioritization lies on the coronary heart of the “Kaplan who do you see first” idea. This strategy emphasizes the essential ability of quickly discerning the most probably or crucial parts inside a fancy situation. The query compels college students to rank their information primarily based on chance and urgency, mirroring the calls for {of professional} fields like medication and legislation. This speedy cognitive triage emulates real-world decision-making processes the place practitioners should effectively filter info to reach on the most possible prognosis or resolution. For instance, a medical scholar introduced with a affected person experiencing chest ache should prioritize life-threatening circumstances like myocardial infarction over much less pressing potentialities equivalent to muscle pressure. This capacity to prioritize isn’t merely an educational train; it varieties the muse of efficient and well timed intervention.

Efficient prioritization hinges on a strong understanding of core ideas and their relative significance inside a given context. This requires not solely memorizing details but in addition growing a nuanced appreciation for the interconnectedness of knowledge. The “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology fosters this deeper understanding by encouraging college students to always consider and re-evaluate the importance of various items of knowledge. As an illustration, understanding the prevalence of sure ailments inside particular demographics permits for extra correct prioritization throughout prognosis. A doctor training in a area with a excessive incidence of Lyme illness would possible prioritize this prognosis when encountering a affected person presenting with attribute signs.

Mastering the artwork of prioritization supplies a big benefit in high-stakes testing environments {and professional} apply. It allows environment friendly use of time and cognitive assets, resulting in extra correct and efficient decision-making. Whereas difficult, growing this ability by means of focused apply and self-assessment is essential for achievement in any discipline requiring speedy, knowledgeable judgments. This technique encourages a shift from rote memorization to a extra dynamic and relevant understanding of complicated info, in the end contributing to improved efficiency and real-world problem-solving capabilities.

2. Fast Recall

Fast recall varieties the cornerstone of the “Kaplan who do you see first” precept. This cognitive ability, honed by means of devoted apply, allows environment friendly retrieval of pertinent info below strain. In situations demanding swift decision-making, equivalent to medical diagnoses or authorized arguments, instant entry to related information is paramount. The flexibility to shortly sift by means of an enormous database of knowledge and floor probably the most related particulars determines the effectiveness of subsequent actions.

  • Cognitive Effectivity

    Cognitive effectivity, enhanced by means of constant publicity to core ideas and apply questions, performs a pivotal function in speedy recall. Repeated publicity strengthens neural pathways, facilitating quicker retrieval of saved info. This effectivity is analogous to a well-organized library; continuously accessed books are positioned inside simple attain. Within the context of “Kaplan who do you see first,” cognitive effectivity permits college students to shortly determine probably the most possible diagnoses or options, mimicking the calls for {of professional} apply. As an illustration, a seasoned doctor can readily diagnose widespread illnesses primarily based on readily accessible, continuously used information.

  • Info Triage

    Info triage represents the flexibility to quickly assess and prioritize info primarily based on relevance and urgency. This ability proves important in complicated conditions the place a large number of things require consideration. Simply as a paramedic shortly assesses the severity of accidents in a mass casualty incident, speedy recall permits people to prioritize key info, enabling decisive motion. When requested, “who do you see first?”, the flexibility to immediately filter by means of potential diagnoses and determine the most probably candidate primarily based on introduced signs demonstrates efficient info triage.

  • Sample Recognition

    Sample recognition performs an important function in speedy recall. By recognizing acquainted patterns inside introduced info, people can shortly affiliate these patterns with beforehand realized information. This capacity is analogous to a detective recognizing recurring motifs in a collection of crimes. In diagnostic situations, recognizing symptomatic patterns facilitates environment friendly identification of possible circumstances. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy cultivates this ability by repeatedly exposing college students to scientific vignettes, thereby strengthening their capacity to attach signs with potential diagnoses.

  • Data Consolidation

    Data consolidation underpins efficient speedy recall. The method of remodeling newly acquired info into long-term reminiscence by means of repetition and software enhances retrieval pace and accuracy. That is akin to reinforcing a constructing’s basis; a strong basis ensures structural integrity and resilience. Within the context of “Kaplan who do you see first,” consolidated information ensures that key ideas are available for retrieval when confronted with complicated situations. Constant apply and evaluate strengthen reminiscence pathways, enabling environment friendly entry to info crucial for correct and well timed decision-making.

These sides of speedy recall contribute considerably to the effectiveness of the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology. By fostering cognitive effectivity, info triage, sample recognition, and information consolidation, this strategy prepares people for the calls for {of professional} apply and high-stakes testing environments. The flexibility to quickly entry and apply related information underpins efficient problem-solving and in the end contributes to improved efficiency in numerous fields.

3. Diagnostic Acumen

Diagnostic acumen represents an important competency fostered by the “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy. This ability transcends rote memorization, emphasizing the flexibility to quickly synthesize info, acknowledge patterns, and prioritize key particulars to reach at correct conclusions. In essence, it cultivates the flexibility to suppose like an knowledgeable, making use of realized information to resolve complicated issues effectively and successfully. This ability proves invaluable in fields requiring fast, correct assessments, equivalent to medication, legislation, and engineering.

  • Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

    Hypothetico-deductive reasoning varieties the muse of diagnostic acumen. This course of includes formulating potential explanations (hypotheses) primarily based on obtainable info after which systematically testing these hypotheses by means of additional remark and evaluation. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy encourages such a reasoning by demanding fast technology and prioritization of potential diagnoses. For instance, a doctor introduced with a affected person complaining of stomach ache may initially hypothesize a number of potential causes, equivalent to appendicitis, gastritis, or kidney stones, then use additional examination and testing to infer the most probably prognosis.

  • Sample Recognition and Synthesis

    Sample recognition and synthesis are integral to diagnostic acumen. Specialists develop the flexibility to discern recurring patterns inside complicated knowledge units, connecting seemingly disparate items of knowledge to type a cohesive understanding. The “Kaplan who do you see first” technique strengthens this ability by repeatedly presenting college students with scientific vignettes or case research, coaching them to shortly determine key signs and affiliate them with possible circumstances. As an illustration, an skilled radiologist can readily determine delicate anomalies in medical pictures primarily based on years of expertise recognizing related patterns.

  • Medical Reasoning below Stress

    Medical reasoning below strain distinguishes competent practitioners from specialists. The flexibility to take care of clear pondering and make correct judgments amidst time constraints and sophisticated info overload is essential for efficient prognosis. The rapid-fire nature of the “Kaplan who do you see first” questioning type simulates this strain, getting ready people for the calls for of real-world apply. For instance, an emergency room doctor should make speedy, correct diagnoses below immense strain, usually with restricted info obtainable.

  • Adaptive Experience and Steady Studying

    Adaptive experience and steady studying are important for sustaining diagnostic acumen. The medical discipline, for instance, is consistently evolving, with new analysis and coverings rising recurrently. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy encourages lifelong studying by emphasizing the significance of staying up to date with present information and refining diagnostic abilities by means of ongoing apply and self-assessment. This dedication to steady enchancment ensures practitioners stay adaptable and able to offering the best care.

These interconnected sides of diagnostic acumen underscore the effectiveness of the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology. By fostering hypothetico-deductive reasoning, sample recognition, efficiency below strain, and a dedication to lifelong studying, this strategy cultivates the crucial pondering abilities crucial for correct and environment friendly problem-solving in complicated fields. This interprets on to improved efficiency in skilled settings, enabling practitioners to make knowledgeable selections that positively impression affected person outcomes or different crucial situations.

4. Focused Studying

Focused studying represents an important part of the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology. This strategy emphasizes the strategic allocation of research effort and time in the direction of areas of recognized weak point. By specializing in particular information gaps revealed by means of the rapid-fire questioning approach, learners optimize their research efforts, maximizing information acquisition and retention. This strategic strategy contrasts with much less efficient strategies that contain indiscriminate evaluate of all materials, no matter particular person strengths and weaknesses.

  • Data Hole Identification

    Data hole identification lies on the coronary heart of focused studying. The “Kaplan who do you see first” query acts as a diagnostic instrument, pinpointing areas the place recall falters or understanding stays incomplete. These recognized gaps then function focal factors for subsequent research efforts. For instance, a medical scholar struggling to shortly determine the causative agent of malaria would acknowledge this hole and focus their research efforts on parasitic infections. This targeted strategy maximizes studying effectivity.

  • Customized Examine Plans

    Customized research plans leverage the insights gained by means of information hole identification. As an alternative of a generic strategy, focused studying permits people to tailor their research efforts to deal with particular areas requiring consideration. This personalised strategy maximizes studying outcomes by concentrating assets on particular person weaknesses. For instance, a scholar fighting cardiology ideas can allocate extra research time to this space whereas spending much less time reviewing already mastered subjects like pulmonology. This individualized strategy optimizes information acquisition and retention.

  • Adaptive Studying Methods

    Adaptive studying methods complement focused studying by adjusting the training course of primarily based on particular person progress. As information gaps are crammed, research efforts shift to deal with remaining weaknesses. This dynamic strategy ensures steady enchancment and environment friendly use of research time. For instance, a scholar who initially struggled with differentiating bacterial and viral infections, after targeted research, may then shift their consideration to understanding the nuances of antibiotic therapies. This adaptive strategy maximizes long-term studying and retention.

  • Reinforcement and Consolidation

    Reinforcement and consolidation are important for integrating new information into present cognitive frameworks. Focused studying facilitates this course of by specializing in particular areas requiring additional consideration. Repeated publicity to difficult ideas, mixed with apply questions, solidifies understanding and enhances recall pace. This reinforcement course of is akin to strengthening a muscle by means of repeated train. For instance, a scholar who has mastered the identification of cardiac arrhythmias would proceed to apply figuring out these rhythms to solidify their information and keep speedy recall capacity. This constant reinforcement ensures long-term retention and software of realized materials.

These sides of focused studying exhibit its vital contribution to the effectiveness of the “Kaplan who do you see first” philosophy. By facilitating information hole identification, enabling personalised research plans, incorporating adaptive studying methods, and selling reinforcement and consolidation, focused studying optimizes the training course of. This targeted strategy not solely enhances information acquisition and retention but in addition cultivates the speedy recall abilities crucial for achievement in demanding skilled fields.

5. Data Gaps

Data gaps characterize a crucial space of focus throughout the “Kaplan who do you see first” framework. This technique acknowledges that environment friendly studying hinges on figuring out and addressing particular areas the place understanding is incomplete or recall is weak. The rapid-fire questioning inherent on this strategy serves as a diagnostic instrument, shortly revealing these information gaps and enabling learners to prioritize their research efforts successfully. This focused strategy maximizes studying effectivity by focusing assets on areas requiring probably the most consideration.

  • Diagnostic Evaluation

    Diagnostic evaluation by means of speedy questioning performs a pivotal function in figuring out information gaps. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy employs this system to probe learners’ instant recall of key ideas. Hesitation, incorrect responses, or incapability to prioritize info sign potential gaps in understanding. This instant suggestions permits learners to pinpoint areas requiring additional research. For instance, a scholar struggling to determine the attribute signs of a selected illness reveals a information hole requiring focused evaluate.

  • Prioritization of Weaknesses

    Prioritization of weaknesses is important for efficient studying. As soon as information gaps are recognized, learners can prioritize these areas of their research plans. This targeted strategy ensures that restricted research time is allotted effectively, maximizing information acquisition and retention. As an illustration, a scholar fighting particular anatomical buildings would prioritize reviewing these buildings over materials already mastered. This strategic allocation of research time maximizes studying outcomes.

  • Iterative Studying and Refinement

    Iterative studying and refinement characterize a steady cycle of evaluation, focused research, and reassessment. The “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology encourages this iterative course of. As information gaps are addressed, new areas for enchancment might emerge, requiring additional targeted research. This ongoing cycle of refinement ensures steady progress and reinforces realized materials. For instance, a scholar who initially struggled with fundamental pharmacological ideas may, after focused research, shift their focus to understanding drug interactions or particular treatment negative effects. This iterative course of fosters deeper understanding and extra complete information.

  • Metacognitive Consciousness

    Metacognitive consciousness, or understanding one’s personal studying course of, is enhanced by means of the identification and addressing of information gaps. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy promotes this consciousness by offering instant suggestions on strengths and weaknesses. This suggestions permits learners to replicate on their studying methods and modify their strategy as wanted. For instance, a scholar recognizing their issue with visible studying may adapt their research strategies to include extra kinesthetic or auditory studying methods. This heightened metacognitive consciousness promotes simpler and personalised studying methods.

These sides of information hole identification and remediation spotlight the effectiveness of the “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy. By fostering diagnostic evaluation, enabling prioritization of weaknesses, encouraging iterative studying and refinement, and selling metacognitive consciousness, this technique empowers learners to take management of their schooling. This targeted and strategic strategy not solely optimizes information acquisition and retention but in addition cultivates the crucial pondering abilities crucial for achievement in difficult educational {and professional} environments.

6. Environment friendly Examine

Environment friendly research methods are important for maximizing information acquisition and retention, notably in demanding fields requiring speedy recall and software of complicated info. The “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology implicitly promotes environment friendly research habits by emphasizing the significance of prioritizing key ideas and specializing in areas of weak point. This strategy encourages learners to maneuver past passive evaluate and interact actively with the fabric, fostering deeper understanding and improved recall pace.

  • Prioritized Evaluate

    Prioritized evaluate varieties the cornerstone of environment friendly research throughout the “Kaplan who do you see first” framework. As an alternative of uniformly reviewing all materials, this strategy encourages learners to deal with high-yield ideas and areas the place information gaps exist. This focused strategy maximizes the impression of research time, making certain that efforts are directed in the direction of probably the most crucial info. For instance, a medical scholar getting ready for an examination may prioritize reviewing cardiovascular circumstances over much less continuously examined subjects, maximizing their probabilities of success on the examination. This strategic allocation of research time displays the core precept of prioritizing key info emphasised by the “Kaplan who do you see first” query.

  • Lively Recall and Utility

    Lively recall and software are important for solidifying information and bettering retrieval pace. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy encourages energetic studying by demanding speedy recall and software of realized ideas. As an alternative of passively rereading notes, learners are challenged to retrieve info from reminiscence and apply it to simulated situations. As an illustration, training scientific case questions reinforces realized medical ideas and improves diagnostic reasoning abilities. This energetic engagement with the fabric enhances long-term retention and fosters the speedy recall abilities crucial for achievement in skilled apply.

  • Spaced Repetition and Evaluate

    Spaced repetition and evaluate improve long-term retention by strategically timing evaluate classes to coincide with the pure forgetting curve. By revisiting materials at rising intervals, learners reinforce reminiscence pathways and stop information decay. This system aligns with the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology by selling constant engagement with key ideas. For instance, reviewing a difficult matter a number of occasions over the course of every week, somewhat than cramming the night time earlier than an examination, improves long-term retention and recall capacity. This spaced repetition technique maximizes the effectiveness of research efforts.

  • Metacognitive Methods and Self-Evaluation

    Metacognitive methods and self-assessment play an important function in environment friendly research. Reflecting on one’s studying course of, figuring out efficient research methods, and recognizing areas requiring enchancment improve studying outcomes. The “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy encourages metacognitive consciousness by offering instant suggestions on strengths and weaknesses. This suggestions permits learners to adapt their research strategies and deal with areas requiring extra consideration. For instance, a scholar recognizing their issue with summary ideas may incorporate extra visible aids or real-world examples into their research routine. This self-awareness and flexibility contribute to extra environment friendly and efficient studying.

These sides of environment friendly research exhibit the synergistic relationship between efficient studying methods and the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology. By prioritizing key ideas, partaking in energetic recall and software, using spaced repetition, and using metacognitive methods, learners can optimize their research efforts and obtain vital enhancements in information acquisition, retention, and speedy recall capacity. This strategy prepares people not just for educational success but in addition for the calls for {of professional} apply, the place environment friendly entry to info and efficient decision-making are paramount.

7. Actual-world software

The “Kaplan who do you see first” precept finds its strongest validation in real-world functions, notably in fields demanding speedy, correct decision-making below strain. Think about the triage nurse in a bustling emergency room. The flexibility to shortly assess incoming sufferers and prioritize these requiring instant consideration is paramount. This speedy cognitive triage mirrors the “who do you see first” immediate, demanding instant recall and software of realized information to prioritize successfully. Equally, a firefighter responding to a fancy fireplace should immediately assess the scenario, prioritizing actions that shield lives and mitigate additional injury. This speedy decision-making, primarily based on expertise and coaching, straight displays the ideas of prioritization and speedy recall emphasised by the Kaplan methodology. The effectiveness of those professionals hinges on their capacity to entry and apply related information swiftly and precisely, mirroring the core tenets of the “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy.

The sensible significance of this understanding extends past emergency situations. In enterprise negotiations, for instance, the flexibility to shortly analyze complicated info and determine key leverage factors can decide the result. This speedy evaluation and prioritization, analogous to the “who do you see first” problem, allows efficient strategizing and knowledgeable decision-making. Likewise, in software program improvement, debugging requires speedy identification and prioritization of potential code errors. The flexibility to shortly assess the most probably supply of an issue and implement an answer straight correlates with the ideas of environment friendly problem-solving fostered by the Kaplan technique. Throughout numerous fields, the flexibility to shortly course of info, prioritize key parts, and apply realized information successfully distinguishes high-performing people. This capacity, cultivated by means of the “Kaplan who do you see first” strategy, interprets on to improved real-world efficiency.

In abstract, the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology provides a robust framework for growing crucial pondering and speedy recall abilities important for real-world success. By simulating the calls for of numerous skilled fields, this strategy prepares people to make knowledgeable selections below strain, prioritize successfully, and apply information effectively. Whereas challenges stay in adapting this technique to numerous studying contexts, its core ideas of prioritization, speedy recall, and focused studying supply priceless instruments for enhancing information acquisition, retention, and real-world software. The flexibility to shortly and precisely reply the query “who do you see first” displays not solely mastery of particular content material but in addition the event of essential problem-solving abilities relevant throughout numerous disciplines.

Incessantly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread queries concerning the “Kaplan who do you see first” precept, clarifying its goal and sensible software.

Query 1: How does this strategy differ from conventional research strategies?

Conventional strategies usually emphasize rote memorization. This strategy prioritizes speedy recall and software of core ideas, simulating real-world diagnostic situations.

Query 2: Is that this technique relevant to all topics or fields of research?

Whereas notably related to fields requiring speedy decision-making below strain, equivalent to medication and legislation, the underlying ideas of prioritization and focused studying can profit any topic.

Query 3: How does one decide the “most necessary” info to prioritize?

Prioritization depends on understanding core ideas and their relative significance inside a selected context. Curriculum tips, knowledgeable opinions, and frequency of incidence in apply usually inform this willpower.

Query 4: Does specializing in speedy recall compromise deeper understanding?

Fast recall enhances, somewhat than replaces, deeper understanding. It serves as a instrument for shortly accessing and making use of core information, permitting for extra environment friendly problem-solving.

Query 5: How can this technique be included into present research routines?

Incorporating apply questions that problem instant recall, prioritizing evaluate of continuously examined ideas, and recurrently self-assessing strengths and weaknesses are efficient integration methods.

Query 6: What are the restrictions of this strategy?

Overreliance on speedy recall with out ample foundational information can hinder nuanced understanding. Balancing speedy retrieval with complete studying is important for efficient software.

Understanding the nuances of this strategy is essential for maximizing its advantages. This FAQ part serves as a place to begin for additional exploration and adaptation of those ideas to particular person studying wants.

The following part will discover case research demonstrating the sensible software and effectiveness of the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology in varied skilled contexts.

Suggestions for Efficient Prioritization and Fast Recall

The following pointers present sensible methods for enhancing speedy recall and diagnostic acumen, mirroring the core ideas of efficient info processing emphasised by the “Kaplan who do you see first” idea.

Tip 1: Concentrate on Core Ideas: Mastery of elementary ideas supplies the muse for efficient prioritization. A powerful grasp of core ideas permits for environment friendly filtering of knowledge and identification of key parts in complicated situations. For instance, understanding fundamental anatomy is essential for prioritizing potential diagnoses in a medical context.

Tip 2: Make the most of Lively Recall Methods: Lively recall, involving retrieving info from reminiscence somewhat than passive evaluate, strengthens reminiscence pathways and improves retrieval pace. Methods equivalent to flashcards, apply questions, and instructing the fabric to others improve energetic recall and reinforce studying.

Tip 3: Apply Often with Simulated Eventualities: Common publicity to simulated situations, equivalent to scientific vignettes or case research, strengthens sample recognition and diagnostic reasoning. This apply cultivates the flexibility to shortly assess complicated info and prioritize key particulars, mirroring real-world calls for.

Tip 4: Make use of Spaced Repetition: Reviewing materials at rising intervals optimizes long-term retention. Spaced repetition combats the pure forgetting curve, making certain that key ideas stay readily accessible in reminiscence.

Tip 5: Prioritize Excessive-Yield Info: Focus research efforts on ideas and data most probably to seem in testing or skilled apply. Figuring out and prioritizing high-yield subjects maximizes the impression of restricted research time.

Tip 6: Develop Metacognitive Consciousness: Reflecting on one’s studying course of, figuring out strengths and weaknesses, and adapting research methods accordingly enhances studying effectivity. Metacognitive consciousness allows learners to optimize their research efforts and personalize their strategy for max profit.

Tip 7: Search Suggestions and Evaluate Efficiency: Common suggestions and efficiency evaluation present priceless insights into areas requiring additional consideration. Analyzing errors and in search of steering from mentors or instructors helps refine understanding and enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Constant software of those methods cultivates the talents crucial for environment friendly info processing, speedy recall, and efficient decision-making, reflecting the core ideas emphasised by the “Kaplan who do you see first” idea. These abilities translate on to improved efficiency in educational settings {and professional} apply.

The next conclusion synthesizes the important thing takeaways and emphasizes the sensible significance of the “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology.

Conclusion

This exploration of the “Kaplan who do you see first” precept has highlighted its significance in fostering efficient studying and decision-making. The methodology emphasizes speedy recall, prioritization, and focused studying as key elements for environment friendly information acquisition and software. Diagnostic acumen, honed by means of constant apply and simulated situations, emerges as a crucial end result of this strategy. Environment friendly research habits, pushed by a deal with information gaps and high-yield info, additional contribute to mastery of complicated ideas. The actual-world applicability of this strategy, notably in fields demanding speedy and correct judgments below strain, underscores its sensible worth.

The “Kaplan who do you see first” methodology provides a robust framework for reworking learners into efficient problem-solvers. Its deal with prioritizing important info and cultivating speedy recall abilities equips people to navigate complicated situations and make knowledgeable selections effectively. Continued exploration and refinement of those ideas promise additional developments in instructional methods {and professional} coaching methodologies. The flexibility to shortly and precisely reply the query “who do you see first” represents not simply mastery of content material, however a elementary shift in cognitive processing important for achievement in any discipline demanding decisive motion.